Onyx®, A New Tool for Intraoperative Localization of Liver Lesions.

BACKGROUND: Precise preoperative localization of liver tumors facilitates successful surgical procedures, Intraoperative ultrasonography is a sensitive imaging modality. However, the presence of small non-palpable isoechoic intraparenchymal lesions may be challenging intraoperatively. METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL DESCRIPTION: Onyx® is a non-adhesive liquid agent comprised of ethylene-vinyl alcohol usually used dissolved in dimethyl-sulfoxide and suspended micronized tantalum powder to provide contrast for visualization under fluoroscopy and ultrasonography and a macroscopic black shape. This embolization material has been increasingly used for the embolization of intracranial arteriovenous malformations. We present the novel application of Onyx® on liver surgery. CURRENT STATUS: We present the case of a female, 55 years-old, whose medical history revealed an elective sigmoidectomy (pT3N1a). After 17 months of follow up, by PET-CT scan, the patient was diagnosed of a small intraparenchymal hypo-attenuated 13 mm tumor located at segment V consistent with metachronous colorectal liver metastasis. Open metastasectomy was performed, ultrasonography-guided Onyx® infusion was delivered the day after, intraoperative ultrasonography showed a palpable hyperechoic material with a posterior acoustic shadowing artifact around the lesion. Onyx® is a promising new tool, without any previous application on liver surgery, feasible with advantages in small not palpable intraparenchymal liver lesions.

Associations of accumulated persistent organic pollutants in breast adipose tissue with the evolution of breast cancer after surgery.

Chronic exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is suspected to contribute to the onset of breast cancer, but the impact on the evolution of patients after diagnosis is unclear. We aimed to analyze the contribution of long-term exposure to five POPs to overall mortality, cancer recurrence, metastasis, and development of second primary tumors over a global follow-up of 10 years after surgery in breast cancer patients in a cohort study. Between 2012 and 2014, a total of 112 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were recruited from a public hospital in Granada, Southern Spain. Historical exposure to POPs was estimated by analyzing their concentrations in breast adipose tissue samples. Sociodemographic data were collected through face-to-face interviews, while data on evolution tumor were retrieved from clinical records. Statistical analyses were performed using Cox regression (overall survival, breast cancer recurrence or metastasis) and binary logistic regression models (joint outcome variable). We also tested for statistical interactions of POPs with age, residence, and prognostic markers. The third vs first tertile of hexachlorobenzene concentrations was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (Hazard Ratio, HR = 0.26; 95 % Confidence Interval, CI = 0.07-0.92) and of the appearance of any of the four events (Odds Ratio = 0.37; 95 % CI = 0.14-1.03). Polychlorinated biphenyl 138 concentrations were significantly and inversely associated with risk of metastasis (HR = 0.65; 95 % CI = 0.44-0.97) and tumor recurrence (HR = 0.69; 95 % CI = 0.49-0.98). Additionally, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene showed inverse associations with risk of metastasis in women with ER-positive tumors (HR = 0.49; 95 % CI = 0.25-0.93) and in those with a tumor size <2.0 cm (HR = 0.39; 95 % CI = 0.18-0.87). The observed paradoxical inverse associations of POP exposure with breast cancer evolution might be related to either a better prognosis of hormone-dependent tumors, which have an approachable pharmacological target, or an effect of sequestration of circulating POPs by adipose tissue.

Decreased Retinal Thickness in Type 1 Diabetic Children with Signs of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.

The retina functions as a neurovascular unit. How early vascular alterations affect neuronal layers remains controversial; early vascular failure could lead to edema increasing retinal thicknesses, but alternatively neuronal loss could lead to reduced retinal thickness. Objective. To evaluate retinal thickness in a cohort of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (PwT1DM) and to analyze differences according to the presence or absence of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), poor metabolic control, and diabetes duration. Patients and Methods. We performed retinographies and optical coherence tomography (OCT) (TOPCON 3D1000®) to PwT1DM followed at our center and healthy controls. Measurements of the control group served to calculate reference values. Results. 59 PwT1DM (age 12.51 ± 2.59) and 22 healthy controls (age 10.66 ± 2.51) volunteered. Only two PwT1DM, both adolescents with poor metabolic control, presented NPRD. Both showed decreased thicknesses and retinal volumes. The odds ratio of having decreased retinal thickness when signs of NPDR were present was 11.72 (95% IC 1.16-118.28; p = 0.036). Conclusions. PwT1DM with NPDR have increased odds of decreased retinal thicknesses and volumes. Whether these changes are reversible by improving metabolic control or not remains to be elucidated.

FXR-dependent and -independent interaction of glucocorticoids with the regulatory pathways involved in the control of bile acid handling by the liver.

Treatment with glucocorticoids (GCs) may cause adverse effects, including cholestasis. The ability of dexamethasone, prednisolone and budesonide to affect the liver handling of bile acids (BAs) has been investigated. In rats treated with GCs for 4 days, altered serum and bile BA levels, changed conjugation pattern, and delayed and decreased ability to conjugate/secrete exogenously administered deoxycholate, were found using HPLC-MS/MS. RT-QPCR analyses revealed that GC treatment also induced a down-regulation of liver nuclear receptors (Fxr, Gr and Shp), transporters (Ntcp, Mrp4 and Bcrp) and enzymes (Cyp7a1 and Baat), whereas Bsep, Mrp2 and Cyp27a1 were up-regulated. Human HepG2 and Alexander cell lines were used as in vitro models of liver cells with and without constitutive FXR expression, respectively. In HepG2 cells, GCs induced a decreased expression of FXR and SHP, and inhibited the regulatory effect of GW4064 on FXR-target genes. In Alexander cells, only when they were transfected with FXR+RXR, GW4064 caused up-regulation of SHP and OSTß, and a down-regulation of CYP27A1. GCs had the opposite effect on these genes, both in the absence and in the presence of FXR expression. Co-transfection of Alexander cells with IR-1-Luc and FXR+RXR revealed that GCs did not inhibit but moderately enhanced FXR activity. Moreover, GCs have a synergistic effect on GW4064-induced FXR activation, whereas chenodeoxycholate and GW4064 have an additive effect. In conclusion, GCs are able to directly or indirectly activate FXR but they also antagonize, through FXR-independent mechanisms, the expression of FXR and FXR target genes involved in the hepatic handling of BAs.

Aciduria D-glicérica. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía / D-glyceric acidemia: case report and literature review

Introducción: Las acidemias orgánicas son un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por la excreción aumentada de ácidos orgánicos en la orina. Dentro de este grupo se encuentra la aciduria D-glicérica, trastorno infrecuente y del que hay pocos casos referidos en la bibliografía médica. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de una niña de 2 meses de edad, que acudió a nuestra consulta por la presencia de crisis generalizadas con un patrón electroencefalográfico (EEG) de brote-supresión y posterior retraso psicomotor. Al realizar el cribado de enfermedades metabólicas, se detectaron valores de ácido D-glicérico en orina de 216 m mol/mol creatinina (valores normales: <26), compatibles con aciduria D-glicérica. Las imágenes obtenidas mediante resonancia magnética craneal (hipoplasia del cuerpo calloso y atrofia generalizada) no mostraron hallazgos específicos. En su evolución, la paciente presentó un retraso psicomotor moderado-grave, una diparesia espástica y una epilepsia resistente a fármacos. La aciduria D-glicérica es una entidad con una clínica muy heterogénea; en algunas ocasiones se presenta como un hallazgo casual en pacientes asintomáticos u oligosintomáticos, y en otras en niños con profunda encefalopatía. Se han descrito casos con respuesta parcial a una dieta restringida en fructosa, aunque dicha mejoría clínica no se produjo en el presente caso. Esta etiología se debería plantear en el diagnóstico diferencial de los niños que presenten una encefalopatía progresiva, EEG tipo salva-supresión, hipotonía y epilepsia multifocal (AU)

Introduction: Organic acidemias are a group of diseases characterized by the increased excretion of organic acids in urine. That group includes D-glyceric acidemia, an uncommon disorder, with only a scarce number of cases reported in medical literature. Clinical case: We present the case of a two-month old girl brought to our surgery suffering from generalised seizures with an electroencephalic burst-suppression pattern and subsequent psychomotor retardation. After testing for metabolic diseases D-glyceric acid values in urine of 216 m mol/mol creatinine (nv: <26) compatible with D-glyceric aciduria were objectified. Cranial MR images were obtained (hypoplasia of corpus callosum and generalised atrophy) and did not reveal any specific findings. As the condition progressed, the patient showed moderate-severe psychomotor retardation, spastic diparesis and drug-resistant epilepsy. D-glyceric acidemia is an entity with very heterogeneous clinical manifestations, which in some cases appears as achance finding in asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic patients and in other cases appears in children with profound encephalopathy. There are reports of cases that show a partial response to fructose-restricted diets, but that clinical improvement did not occur in the case of our patient. This a etiology should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children who present with progressive encephalopathy, a burst suppression-type EEG, hypotonia and multifocal epilepsy (AU)

Bovine glycomacropeptide ameliorates experimental rat ileitis by mechanisms involving downregulation of interleukin 17.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Bovine glycomacropeptide (BGMP) is an inexpensive, non-toxic milk peptide with anti-inflammatory effects in rat experimental colitis but its mechanism of action is unclear. It is also unknown whether BGMP can ameliorate inflammation in proximal regions of the intestine. Our aim was therefore two-fold: first, to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of BGMP in the ileum; second, to characterise its mechanism of action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We used a model of ileitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid in rats. Rats were treated orally with BGMP and its efficacy compared with that of oral 5-aminosalicylic acid or vehicle, starting 2 days before ileitis induction. KEY RESULTS: BGMP pretreatment (500 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) resulted in marked reduction of inflammatory injury, as assessed by lower extension of necrosis and damage score, myeloperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin 1beta, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 17. These effects were generally comparable to those of 5-aminosalicylic acid (200 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). Neither compound affected the production of interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 2 by mesenteric lymph node cells isolated from animals with ileitis. The expression of Foxp3 was increased in ileitis and not reduced significantly by BGMP or aminosalicylate treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These results demonstrate that BGMP has anti-inflammatory activity in the ileum with similar efficacy to 5-aminosalicylic acid. The mechanism of action may involve Th17 and regulatory T cells and perhaps macrophages but probably not Th1 lymphocytes. Patients with Crohn's ileitis may benefit from treatment with BGMP.

Perfiles hormonales de gastrina y secretina en pacientes sometidos a cirugía biliar / Gastrin and secretin hormone profiles in patients undergoing biliary surgery

Introducción. La pancreatitis postoperatoria es una complicación temida tras la intervención quirúrgica sobre la región biliopancreática. Entre los mecanismos patogénicos de la pancreatitis sigue especulándose alrededor de los secretagogos y, en concreto, sobre el papel de las hormonas estimuladoras de la secreción pancreática. Pacientes y método. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en pacientes que iban a ser sometidos a cirugía biliar electiva por procesos benignos, determinándose la gastrina y secretina en el preoperatorio, a las 24 y 48 h del postoperatorio por técnicas de radioinmunoanálisis. Resultados. Quedaron incluidos 98 pacientes, 72 mujeres y 26 varones, con una edad media de 59 años. El perfil de la gastrinemia fue de 177 pg/ml en el preoperatorio, 186 pg/ml a las 24 h del postoperatorio y 172 pg/ml a las 48 h de éste; el perfil de la secretinemia proporcionó esta secuencia: 87, 86 y 84 pg/ml. Conclusiones. La cirugía sobre la vía biliar no modifica significativamente los valores hormonales de gastrina y secretina; aunque su liberación se sigue produciendo en concentraciones similares a las preoperatorias (AU)

[Gastric collision tumor with osseous metaplasia]. / Tumor de colisión gástrico con metaplasia osea.

Neuroendocrine cells are frequently found in gastric tumours, although they rarely make up more than one third of the total number of tumour cells. When juxtapositioning of the two kinds of tumour cells occurs a "collision tumour" is formed. These have been described to occur with varying frequency throughout the digestive tract. They are uncommon in the stomach. We describe a case, of a gastric collision tumour in which an adenocarcinoma coexisted with a carcinoide tumour and there were zones of bony metaplasia in the transition area between the two tumors. Positive CEA, VIP, beta-HCG and TSH on inmunohistochemical analysis was found.